LITERATIVE REVIEW Essay example -- essays research papers

LITERATIVE REVIEW   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of my literature review is to examine the various therapeutic intervention strategies being administered to adult and children who have perceptual, spacial, gross and fine motor proficient disabilities. Furthermore what approaches appear to be working in their rehabilitation process. adults with perceptual dysfunction secondary to brain injury often includes Occupational therapy has been one of the main therapeutic strategies used for perceptual retraining according to (Holzer, Strassny, Senner-Hurley & Lefkowitz, 1982; Hopkins & Smith, 1983; Prigitano, 1986; Siev Freishtat, & Zoltan, 1986; Trombly, 1983, Van Deusen, 1988; Wahlstrom. 1983). A variety of approaches for this retraining has been offered by various occupational therapists. Several authors have categorized these approaches differently (Abreu & Toglis, 1987; Neistadt, 1988; Siev et al., 1986; Trombly, 1983) It appears that amongst all of these authors only Trombly’s and Neistadt go on the common assumptions underlying different treatment approaches, and neither of the two authors have fully explicated the assumptions underlying the classifications. Occupational therapy treatment techniques for perceptual deficits fall into two categories. Adaptive and Remedial. Adaptive, functional occupational therapy approaches, such as the developmental. Adaptive skills, occupational behavior, and rehabilitation treatment paradigms (Hopkins & Smith, 1983), promote adaptation of and to the environment to capitalize on the clients’ inherent strengths and situational advantages. These approaches provide training not in the perceptual skills of functional behavior but in the activity of daily living behaviors themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand remedial approaches, such as perceptual motor training (Abreu, 1985), sensory integration (Ayres, 1972) and neurodevelopmental treatment (Bobath, 1978) seek to promote the recovery or reorganization of impaired central nervous system functions, specifically. Whereas sensory integration techniques address the sensory processing upon which perceptual discriminations are based. Sensory integration was not developed for clients with frank brain lesions and so they are not applicable, in its entirety, to thi... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It appears that more research needs to be done in both areas of remedial and adaptive retraining in general; although more has been published on the remedial approach. Kunstaetter (1988) and I (Nei- stat, 1986), seem to believe that remedial techniques has been more predominant in the treatment of subjects minimal brain dysfunctions. Kunstaetter (1988) and I (Neistadt, 1986) have reviewed and charted numerous occupational therapy treatment modalities, and found that remedial techniques are predominantly practiced. Most researchers feel that it is hard to know â€Å"whether theory is informing practice† or practice is informing theory. Either way most researchers acknowledge that theoretical assumption’s that underlie certain practices should be further researched to make critical assumptions toward theory and practice to provide the bests possible services for their clients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Research Critique

Moses Williams NURS 450 Professor Peggy Melloh Introduction Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a fairly common complication in hospitalized patients. Nosocomial infection prevention and patient safety promotion has been issued and many researches have been conducted to improve patient’s quality of life. In this article, Saint et al. (2005) hypothesize that using a paper-based urinary catheter reminder can reduce the incidence of urinary catheterization, and consequently this will enhance the patients’ safety. Critique Part 1 Research Questions or HypothesesThe background and significance of this study are properly presented in the introduction. The research question is presented at the end of the introduction of this article. Saint et al. (2005) develop the research question based on the scientific backgrounds they selected and reviewed: â€Å"Is a urinary catheter reminder effective in reducing the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization i n the hospitalized patients? † (p. 456). The Independent variable is â€Å"a urinary catheter reminder† and the dependent variable is â€Å"the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization. The research question appropriately states the relationship between â€Å"a urinary catheter reminder† and â€Å"the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization,† thus the research question is specific to one relationship. The research question is generated from PICO information which means population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 63). In this study, population is the hospitalized patients in the University of Michigan Medical Center and a total of 5,678 patients participate in the study. Intervention is ‘using’ a catheter reminder and comparison is ‘not using’ a catheter reminder.Outcome is the effectiveness of a use of the reminder. Although hypothesis is not directly written in the article, Saint et al. (2005) imply that a paper-based reminder of indwelling urinary catheter might help reduce improper catheterization. The research question is not placed in a theoretical framework; however, the conceptual framework is enclosed in the literature review of the article. Two conceptual frameworks are applied to develop the research question: one is patient safety promotion and the other one is infection prevention.The rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is relatively high among the nosocomial infections. Although indwelling urinary catheters are common and essential for some hospitalized patients, sometime these are unnecessarily applied. In this paper, a simple written reminder might cut down the use of indwelling urinary catheters and consequently this can reduce the rate of CAUTI and improve patient safety. The purpose of this study is not directly stated, but it can be inferred from the research question.The purpose of this study is to test the e ffectiveness of a indwelling catheter reminder in decreasing the use of indwelling urinary catheter. The level of evidence of the research does not explain the significance of the study completely, but this is one of the skills that can assist the readers to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a research (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010). This research is Level III because of its quasi-experimental design which tests cause-and-effect relationships. Saint et al. (2005) investigate the relationship between the use of a urinary catheter reminder and the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization.In order to apply evidence in practice, the nurses should assess the potential for applicability first. Saint et al. (2005) bring up the problem that indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection â€Å"accounts for up to 40% of nosocomial infections. † Another problem they find is that many physicians are often unaware of urinary catheterization in their patients. Unfortunately , these overlooked catheters are unnecessarily applied in some patients, and then the rate of CAUTI can be increased. Based on these findings, Saint et al. 2005) hypothesize that a written reminder can help the physicians remember that their patients have indwelling urinary catheter, so this awareness of urinary catheterization can reduce the incidence of indwelling urinary catheter. Review of the Literature This article does not provide the search strategy including a number of databases and other resources which identify key published and unpublished research. In this article, both the primary sources and the theoretical literatures are collected and appraised in order to generate the research question and to conduct knowledge-based research.In the section of the literature review, nineteen professional articles are appraised in order to provide the significance and background of the study. Saint develops the research question based on these analyses. â€Å"Catheter-associated ur inary tract infections in surgical patients: A controlled study on the excess morbidity and costs† is one of the primary sources written by Givens and Wenzel who conduct and analyze this study. In addition, â€Å"Clinical and economic consequences of nosocomial catheter-related bacteriuria† is a review of a literature article which is the secondary source.Although many studies state that patient safety is a top priority and CAUTI can be controlled by the caution of health care providers, the infection rate is relatively high among other nosocomial infections. One of the reasons Saint and colleagues uncovered is unawareness and negligence by health care providers. In appraising the literatures, Saint finds â€Å"over one-third of attending physicians were unaware that their own hospitalized patients had indwelling urinary catheter† (2005, p. 456). This article was published in 2005.Among thirty two resources, eighteen articles were published before 2000 and twelve articles were published within past five years. In this paper, the oldest article Saint et al. (2005) reviewed is â€Å"Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization† which was published in 1974. This implies that indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection has been issued for more than forty years, and many researchers still work on this topic. The literature review is coherently organized so that the readers can understand straightforwardly why this study is planned. Saint et al. 2005) state prevalent and essential use of indwelling urinary catheter in hospitalized patients, and then they question its safety. They point out some problems caused by indwelling urinary catheter, including indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection, the patient discomfort, and increased health care cost.In some patients, the indwelling urinary catheters are not necessarily applied due to a lack of awareness of physicians. Therefore, Saint et al. (200 5) come up with the idea that a simple and written reminder assists physicians to be aware of the indwelling catheterization in their atients, so the chances of catheterization will be reduced and the rate of the indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection will be decreased simultaneously. Saint et al. summarize the literature review by stating, â€Å"an innovative system-wide administrative intervention designed to remind physicians that their patient has an indwelling catheter in place might help reduce inappropriate catheterization† (2005, p. 456). In addition, this logical summary makes them develop the research question appropriately. Internal and External ValidityThis study barely has a potential threat to external validity. On the contrary, the external validity of the findings might be increased because Saint et al. (2005) apply the intervention in a real hospital setting, then the findings can be generalized and applied to other hospital setting. In order to red uce the threats to internal validity, the independent variable is only manipulated in the intervention group. In other words, the intervention group only gets a urinary catheter reminder to test effectiveness of it.The baseline of differences in age, sex, length of hospital stay, and catheterization is adjusted. The intervention fidelity is maintained throughout the study. Everyday, one nurse gathers information on â€Å"catheter status, reason for catheterization, and recatheterization† (Saint et al. , 2005, p. 457). Also, the time and method of collecting data is constantly maintained. The enhancement strategy such as â€Å"email, use of tap flag, and paging† is used in order to minimize physician’s ignorance with a reminder and to increase physician’s response. Research DesignThe study uses a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group, which is one of the quasi-experimental designs. Four hospital wards are selected and divided in two gr oups. Two wards are assigned to the intervention group to which the reminders are offered, and the other two wards are assigned to the control group. Data is collected for sixteen months, and sixteen months is divided into two eight-month periods which is pre- and post-intervention (Saint et al. 2005, p. 456). A nonequivalent control group design is adequate for this study because the esearcher can observe the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of a reminder by comparing the outcomes between intervention group and control group. Also, during pre-intervention periods, baseline data can be collected in both intervention and control group which will decrease bias. However, the researcher can simply assume that the condition of both groups is similar at the beginning of the research (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010). Therefore, the quasi-experimental design is proper to conduct this study in order to answer the research question.References American Psychological Association. (2002). Publicati on Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. LoBiondo-Wood, G. , & Haber, J. (2010). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice (7th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Saint, S. , Kaufman, S. , Thompson, M. , Rogers, M. , & Chenoweth, C. (2005). A Reminder Reduces Urinary Catheterization in Hospitalized Patients. Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. 31(8), 455-462.

The Impact Of Physical Activity On Academic Achievement...

Participation in sport and physical activity is commonly promoted for its positive impact on children’s mental and physical health, leaving its impact on cognitive advancement often overlooked. The reason for this is predominantly the increase of anxiety on schools and educators to ensure children accomplish academic achievement (Martin, 2010). In this literature review I will be looking at the impact physical activity and physical education has on the academic achievement and health of primary aged students. My research question is; what impact does physical activity and physical education have on the academic performance and health of primary aged students? Firstly I will discuss whether or not it impacts academic achievement, and later on I will examine the specific academic and health impacts. I will predominantly be examining and critically analysing six pieces of literature. This literature review reports on research undertaken by Dottie Gonzalesz (2009), Eero Haapala (2 012), Jennifer Etnier (2003), Dr Karen Martin (2010), Stead Nevill (2010), and Phillip D Tomporowski, Catherine L. Davis, Patricia H. Jack A. Naglieri†¨(2008). For the first part of this literature review I will be looking at whether or not physical activity has an impact on students academic performance. The immense majority of published literature regarding this concept has shown a progressive affiliation between children’s physical activity and their academic achievement. Numerous longitudinalShow MoreRelatedIncreased Physical Activity and Nutrition Education Will Reduce Childhood Obesity1136 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The average school year for students in grades K-12 consists of 180 days, with an average of 7 hours per day. Seven hours per day times the 180 days per school year totals to 1,260 hours per school year. 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File Sharing And The Internet Piracy - 1468 Words

In recent years, internet piracy or file sharing of copyrighted material has gained much popularity. It is a topic that has incessantly sparked debate and has even received global attention. Although on the surface the act of file sharing may seem harmless, it is far from it. Each year, film and record production companies as well as software and video game development companies suffer from billions of dollars in lost profits. This loss comes as a direct result of internet piracy. Many agree that file sharing is unethical and consider it to be no different than downright theft. On the other hand, there are those that support file sharing and claim that their actions are easily justified and ethical. This essay will provide a brief overview and history of file sharing, will consider the arguments of each side, and will offer my personal observations and stance on the issue. File sharing, put simply, is the process of making available and distributing files via the internet. Many freely developed applications have been made available that simplify this process, providing the ability to easily search for, download, and upload any piece of digital content imaginable. These applications are commonly referred to as P2P or peer-to-peer applications as they allow individuals (peers) to directly connect with other peers to share files. By themselves, such applications are useless; a central network must be available that allows each peer to see one another. TheseShow MoreRelatedOnline File Sharing and Internet Piracy1791 Words   |  8 Pagesshouldn’t the internet be free? Why should we have restrictions placed on what we can and cannot do on the internet? Every day, millions of users share files on the internet through numerous online sources. Whether they download music, movies, or software, online file-sharing can give people access to a plentifu l amount of information. These files are often free and easily accessible by anyone. 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The Photo Essay Esther Ki - 1047 Words

Hidden Emotions Esther Ki Introduction â€Å"Is it really possible to tell someone else what one feels?† said Leo Tolstoy. Not all people can portray their feelings easily, and it is difficult to figure out exactly how someone feels. People often refuse to express their emotions verbally. Instead, people often express their feelings unintentionally, when they are turned around (when there is a specific action, like when someone is slouching or spacing out), or through other self-expression (such as outfits, accessories, and other items that people may carry around). Through these slight changes in their physical appearances, people’s deep thoughts and emotions that were hidden can be revealed. #1 Feeling the music On March 1, 2015, David†¦show more content†¦I wanted to wear it today so I could be warm in my classes,† said Aliyah Reese. She was the type of person who wears dark colors almost every day, to show her personality of being shy and quiet, while showing her emotion. Violet, represents dreams and imagination, while calming the emotion. #9 Flower prints During lunch, Cynthia Benitez waits for her friends to eat lunch together. Ever since Cynthia began eating B lunch, she did not get to see a lot of her other friends. Her back shows a hint of loneliness. #10 Style on point On March 4, 2015, Ashlyn Wilmot dresses especially for her new shoes. Ashlyn added that it was also just for Journalism class, to get pictures taken of her outfit. â€Å"I just dressed cute today because I really wanted to wear my new pair of boots that I got,† said Ashlyn. Her emotions from this outfit could be easily spotted. There were hints of happiness and joy even on the disappointing forecasts of snow. Conclusion â€Å"Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions,† said Pablo Picasso. It is said that when people make physical changes, or show their actions in a certain way, it can change emotions and help others to figure out their feelings to comfort them in any way possible. All around the world, there are numerous number of different people and people who are at different locations; However people often show similar emotions and react by hiding their emotions as much as they are capable of. â€Å"Feelings

Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion Free Essays

Introduction The main aim of this project was to assess the relationship of CVD risk factors and diet in Cuban Americans. More specifically, this project was aimed to see the association of omega 3 fatty acid with CVD biomarkers, homocysteine and CRP in Cuban Americans with and without type 2 diabetes. These aims were targeted with the views to providing information on cardiovascular disease risk factors and its association with diet and type 2 diabetes. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The results suggested positive association between omega 3 fatty acid andhomocysteine quartiles, suggesting the significant role of omega 3 fatty acids in the regulation of homocysteine level. However, the association of omega 3 fatty acid was not found with CRP levels, which suggested the very little or no role of omega 3 fatty acid in lowering the level of CRP. Moreover, diabetic status was not found to be associated with either homocysteine quartiles or CRP levels. This finding concluded that homocysteine and CRP may not be involved in regulating the blood circulating blood sugar. The result of the statistical t-test showed that waist circumference was directly associated with diabetes, which indicated obesity as a major indicator of diabetes. This finding supported several other previous findings that studied the association between obesity and type 2 diabetes (Daousi, et.al. 2006 and Yajnik and Ganpule, 2010). Interestingly, another CVD risk factor, total blood cholesterol was found to be significantly higher in non-diabetics. However, whether HDL or LDL was higher non-diabetics was not measured, making it difficult to draw any conclusion from this finding. Other factors, such as BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were not found to be associated with diabetes. These results seemed slightly contradictory as previous studies have found the correlation between these parameters and diabetes (Bays, et.al. 2007 and Mancia, 2005)., Interestingly, linkage was found between diabetes and glycosylate haemoglobin and omega 3 fatty acids, which suggested the implication of thee tow factor in diabetes risk. These findings corroborate with similar other findings. Edelman, et.al (2013) reported that high level of HbA1c was associated with higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. Similarly, another study by Virtanen, et.al (2013) suggested that intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid w as associated with long-term lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the results showed no association between CRP and diabetes, which contradicted the inflammatory pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (Muqabo and Renier, 2010). Another important finding was that diabetic status was directly associated with the distribution of homocysteine quartiles, which supported the previous findings by Ndrepepa, et.al (2008) and Badiou, et.al (2012) as explained earlier. Relationship between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine This study showed positive association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine level, suggesting the role of omega 3 fatty acids in regulating the level of homocysteine in the body. As discussed earlier, homocysteine is an important biomarker of CVD and control of which may reduce the risk of CVD. These findings support previous finding by Kulkarni, et.al (2011) who studied the association of omega 3 fatty acid with homocysteine concentrations. In the study they found that altered omega 3 fatty acids (mainly docosahexaenoic acid) may lead to increased homocysteine concentration. However, majority of studies have focused on the association between omega 3 fatty acids and other CVD markers such as LDL, blood sugar and clotting factors (Yeh, et.al. 2009; Etherton, et.al. 2002). Thus, further long term studies should be done to unravel the possible association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine. Limitations Despite some interesting findings, the study had few limitations. The association of omega 3 fatty acids with homocysteine and CRP was only studied in diabetics and non-diabetics. The study would have given much clearer conclusion if the implication of omega 3 fatty acids and its biomarkers was also investigated in CVD patients. Moreover, although the study found the correlation between cholesterol and diabetes, it did not assess whether HDL or LDL had greater implication in diabetics. Clinical implications of the findings and future research Diabetes and CVD disease are two chronic conditions that are the major killers among all the diseases. Preventive measures and early diagnosis remains the key for proper management of the disease. This study suggests the beneficial role of omega 3 fatty acids in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. More so, the study also showed the association of omega 3 fatty acids with CVD markers such as homocysteine, cholesterol, as well as diabetes marker such as HbA1c. Thus, people who are at risk of developing CVD and diabetes can be encouraged to intake diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids. But , the association of omega 3 fatty acid with inflammatory maker, CRP remained inconclusive. Also, whether increased homocysteine in diabetics was associated with CVD was beyond the scope of this project and demands further studies. Future studied should be done to see the effects of omega 3 fatty acids in altering homocysteine level and CRP in CVD patients. References Bays, H.E., Chapman, R.H., Grandy, S. SHIELD Investigators’ Group 2007, â€Å"The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: comparison of data from two national surveys†, International journal of clinical practice, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 737-747. Daousi, C., Casson, I.F., Gill, G.V., MacFarlane, I.A., Wilding, J.P. Pinkney, J.H. 2006, â€Å"Prevalence of obesity in type 2 diabetes in secondary care: association with cardiovascular risk factors†, Postgraduate medical journal, vol. 82, no. 966, pp. 280-284. Edelman, D., Olsen, M.K., Dudley, T.K., Harris, A.C. Oddone, E.Z. 2004, â€Å"Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk†, Journal of general internal medicine, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1175-1180. Etherton, P.M.K., Harris, W.S andAppel, L.J, 2002. AHA Scientific Statement. â€Å"Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease†, vol. 106, pp. 2747-2757. Kulkarni, A., Mehendale, S., Pisal, H., Kilari, A., Dangat, K., Salunkhe, S., Taralekar, V. Joshi, S. 2011, â€Å"Association of omega-3 fatty acids and homocysteine concentrations in pre-eclampsia†, Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 60-64. Mancia, G. 2005, â€Å"The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction†, ActaDiabetologica, vol. 42 Suppl 1, pp. S17-25. Mugabo, Y., Li, L. Renier, G. 2010, â€Å"The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings†, Current diabetes reviews, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 27-34. Virtanen, J.K., Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Uusitupa, M. Tuomainen, T.P. 2013, â€Å"Serum Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study†, Diabetes care. Yajnik, C.S. Ganpule-Rao, A.V. 2010, â€Å"The obesity-diabetes association: what is different in indians?†, The international journal of lower extremity wounds, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 113-115. 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Roles and Responsibilities free essay sample

The size of the governing body ranges from minimum of 9 to a maximum of 20 schools. There are categories of governors including parent governors who are elected by other parents although the governing body can appoint if sufficient parents stand. Staff governors the head teacher is a member by virtue of their office. Both teaching and support staff are eligible for staff governorship and are elected by the school staff, volunteers at the school are ineligible. Local education authority governors are appointed by the local authority. Community governors are appointed by the governing body to represent community interests. Community governors can be people who live or work in the community served by the school. Foundation and partnership governors are appointed by schools founding body, church or other organisations named in the schools instruments of government. If the school has a religious character the foundation governors must preserve this. If the school has no foundation or equivalent body, the foundation governors are replaced by partnership governors appointed by the governing body after a nominations process. Sponsor governors are appointed by the governing body it is at the governing body’s discretion whether they choose to appoint sponsor governors or not. The governing can appoint 2 people as sponsor governors or up to 4 where the school is a secondary school. Associate members can be appointed to serve on one or more governing body committees and attend full governing body meetings. Pupils, school staff and people who want to contribute specifically on issues related to their area of expertise can be appointed as associate members, They are appointed for a period of between one and four years but are not governors. School governors will make regular visits to oversee the delivery of their scheduled subject, report to the curriculum sub-committee and to the full governing body. B) The head teacher has overall responsibility for the leadership and management of the school, should ensure the school is well managed, organised, providing leadership and direction. Support teachers and other staff, ensuring appropriate policies and procedures are in place. Ensuring good relationships are fostered within the whole school community. The deputy head plays a major role in managing the school and has responsibility for the school in the absence of the head teacher, responsible for a curriculum area and/or specific aspect of management. The deputy head may have a reduced teaching commitment with no overall class responsibilities or they could have a teaching commitment and responsible for a class. Some schools may have an assistant head teacher to support the head and deputy head teacher with the management of the school. Key stage co-ordinator lead and manage either key stage 1-2 in primary schools or key stage 3-4 in secondary schools, they also have a teaching commitment with class responsibility. C) Special education needs co-ordinator (SENCO) responsible for the day-to-day provision for pupils with SEN, ensuring the implementations of the SEN code of practice and provide professional guidance on SEN. Designated senior person for child protection will take lead responsibility for dealing with child protection issues, provide advise and support to other staff, liaise with the authorities, work with other organisations as necessary referring concerns about issues to local authority children’s social care, providing information for police investigations and/or enquiries under section 47 of the children Act 1989. The delegated person responsible for health and safety in school will assist in the implementation, monitoring and development of the health and safety policy within the school. Co-ordinate arrangements for the design and implementations of safe working practices within the school for the dissemination of information and instruction of employees, pupils, students and visitors on safety matters and to make recommendations on the extent to which staff are trained. Identify and investigate any specific health and safety problems within the school and take or recommend actions to be taken. D) The teacher will be responsible for planning and preparation for meeting the needs of all pupils, setting and marking work, assessing, recording and reporting on the development, progress and attainment of pupils. Promoting the wellbeing of individual pupils while maintaining good order and discipline among the pupils and safeguard their health and safety. E) Support staff have non-teaching tasks such as collecting money, chasing absences ‘ teachers will inform the relevant member of staff when students are absent from lessons or school’, bulk photocopying, copy typing and produce standard letters ‘ teachers may be required to contribute as appropriate in formulating the content of standard letters’ also involved in producing class lists, record keeping and filling, classroom displays, analyzing attendance, processing exam results, ordering supplies and equipment, stock checking, seeking and giving advice, invigilating examinations. Teaching assistant may read and clarify textbooks for a pupil, read to individual pupils or small groups. Interacting with children to aid in their development, observe/record a pupils progress during activities, report problems and successes to their teacher, contributing to the planning and review meetings about pupils.